Reference · Guides & Lexicon

Liquid Library

Everything starts with a question. Why does this wine taste so different? What is pét-nat anyway? Look it up here. Knowledge without pretension.

Vineyard with dense cover crops between the rows, sheep grazing, and a cross-section of living soil full of roots
New in the library · Styles & method LL-078

Regenerative Viticulture: Soil, Climate, Claims

Regenerative viticulture promises living soils and climate gains. What holds up, what is greenwashing, and who really does it: Torres, Telmont, Tablas Creek.

Open it →
Editorial brutalist illustration of a fragmented sherry bottle from which a white wine glass rises above chalk-white albariza bedrock, intersected by a halftone grid band
Styles & method LL-063

Vino de Pasto: unfortified sherry since 2022

Vino de pasto is unfortified sherry: what the 2022 reform legally changed, how it tastes, and which bodegas led the way.

Two press vats split in two, one maceration and one assemblage stream, brutalist composition
Styles & method LL-061

Rosé Champagne: saignée versus assemblage explained

Rosé Champagne comes from two fundamentally different methods: saignée (maceration) or assemblage (blending red and white). What each one does.

Brutalist illustration of a palomino grape splitting open with rising bubbles above albariza chalk soil
Styles & method LL-062

Sparkling Sherry: Bubbles from Jerez

Sparkling sherry blends a palomino base with flor influence and bottle fermentation. An educational guide to the youngest, legally grey category from Jerez.

Editorial brutalist illustration of three copita glasses in a gradient from pale gold to amber to mahogany, with halftone dots and oxidised gold, on a cream background
Styles & method LL-060

Cream sherry, Pale Cream and Medium explained

Cream sherry, Pale Cream and Medium explained. Production, residual sugar per category, British heritage, quality renaissance, pairing and serving.

Editorial brutalist illustration of a Moscatel grape cluster above sandy arenas soil, with an Atlantic horizon and fragmented sherry barrels in burgundy, cream and oxidised gold
Styles & method LL-059

Moscatel sherry: the aromatic underdog of Jerez

Moscatel sherry is the smallest sherry category: aromatic, floral, concentrated. Grape, terroir Chipiona, production, flavour profile and pairing.

Vineyards of the Côte des Blancs on chalk soil, brutalist landscape composition
Regions LL-058

Côte des Blancs: the Chardonnay heart of Champagne

The Côte des Blancs is the sub-region south of Épernay where Chardonnay finds its classical expression on pure chalk. Geography, villages and style.

Editorial brutalist illustration of Pedro Ximénez grapes drying on esparto mats under the Andalusian sun
Styles & method LL-057

Pedro Ximénez Sherry: Sun-Dried and Black

Pedro Ximenez sherry: how sun-dried grapes and oxidative solera aging produce the blackest, sweetest dessert wine in the world.

Editorial brutalist illustration of a split sherry barrel with chalk mark, half showing fine flor layer and half showing dark oxidative core, as a metaphor for Palo Cortado between Amontillado and Oloroso
Styles & method LL-056

Palo Cortado: Rarest Sherry, Real Story

Palo Cortado is the rarest sherry style: Amontillado on the nose, Oloroso on the palate. What it is, how it happens and which bottles you must try.

Editorial brutalist illustration of a weathered oloroso sherry cask with mahogany wine, oxidative aging in solera, fragments and gold accents
Styles & method LL-055

Oloroso: the dry oxidative sherry, not a sweet wine

Oloroso sherry is dry by origin. Learn how to tell dry oloroso from cream, recognise its flavour profile and pick the right bottle.

Glass of Blanc de Blancs with the chalky Côte des Blancs in the background, brutalist composition
Styles & method LL-054

Blanc de Blancs: Champagne from white grapes alone

Blanc de Blancs Champagne is made from white grapes only, almost always 100 percent Chardonnay from the Côte des Blancs. The style, villages and icons.

Editorial brutalist illustration of a two-stage sherry barrel: a white flor layer breaking apart on the left, an amber oxidative cask on the right, in burgundy, cream and oxidized gold
Styles & method LL-053

Amontillado: the fino that lost its flor

Amontillado sherry starts as fino under flor and ends oxidative. Profile, production, VOS and VORS, iconic bodegas and food pairing.

Glass of brut nature champagne against a chalk background, brutalist composition
Styles & method LL-050

Brut Nature and Extra Brut: Champagne without a mask

Brut Nature and Extra Brut Champagne carry little to no dosage. What the numbers mean, which houses lead the style, and how it tastes.

Five fractured bottle silhouettes at staggered heights, each on a different bedrock pattern, brutalist composition
Styles & method LL-051

Champagne vs Prosecco, Cava and other sparkling

Champagne, Crémant, Cava, Prosecco, Franciacorta, English sparkling. Method, grapes and price-quality laid out side by side.

Editorial brutalist illustration of a glass of Manzanilla on a broken sea wall, chamomile blossom and salt crystals in burgundy, cream and oxidising gold
Styles & method LL-052

Manzanilla Sherry: Salt, Flor and Sanlúcar

Manzanilla sherry comes only from Sanlúcar. Why the sea keeps the flor active year-round, how en rama tastes, and which bodegas to know.

1911 échelle des crus ledger torn down the middle, village names fragmenting into a hierarchical pyramid, brutalist composition
Styles & method LL-049

Champagne Grand Cru: What the Label Really Means

What Grand Cru and Premier Cru really mean in Champagne. The échelle des crus, its 2010 abolition, and what the terms are worth today.

Kimmeridgian limestone tilted at thirty degrees with Pinot Noir vineyards, brutalist composition
Regions LL-047

Côte des Bar: Champagne's southern outsider

The Côte des Bar in the Aube sits 100 km south of Reims on Kimmeridgian marl. Pinot Noir-driven and the epicentre of grower Champagne.

Editorial brutalist illustration of a copita with fino sherry and a white flor disc as a geometric fragment, in burgundy red, cream and oxidised gold
Styles & method LL-048

Fino Sherry: Dry, Saline, Aged Under Flor

Fino sherry is pale, bone dry and nothing like the sweet sherry of decades past. How Palomino, flor and 15% alcohol make the most refreshing sherry there is.

River valley cross-section with clay-marl stratification and Meunier grape clusters, brutalist composition
Regions LL-046

Vallée de la Marne: the Meunier bastion of Champagne

The Vallée de la Marne follows the river west from Épernay. Meunier dominates on clay and marl, with the grower revolution as a constant thread.

Solera-like stack of vessels feeding into a central blending vat with vintage year fragments, brutalist composition
Styles & method LL-045

Champagne blending and reserve wines

Blending with reserve wines is the technique that makes Champagne consistent year after year. How houses keep their style, and which solera systems work.

Pupitres with hand-turned bottles on one side, ice jet ejecting deposit on the other, brutalist composition
Styles & method LL-044

Champagne Riddling and Disgorgement Explained

Riddling collects the yeast deposit in the neck, disgorgement ejects it. Manual on pupitres or by giropalette, à la glace or à la volée.

Biodynamic vineyard with cover crops and vine rows under open sky
Styles & method LL-042

What Is Biodynamic Wine? Beyond Organic

Biodynamic wine goes further than organic. Cow horn preparations, lunar calendars, and why the world's best domaines all practice it.

Glass of amber-coloured orange wine next to white grapes with skins
Styles & method LL-043

What Is Orange Wine? Everything You Need to Know

The colour is real. The name is misleading. Here's what's actually in the glass.

Open ledger with grape silhouettes and surveyor frames, brutalist composition
Styles & method LL-041

The Champagne AOC cahier des charges explained

What the Champagne AOC actually requires: area, grapes, pruning, yield, press quota, second fermentation, ageing, alcohol and dosage.

Sugar crystal lattice fused with a champagne flute outline, brutalist composition
Styles & method LL-040

Demi-Sec and Doux Champagne: the forgotten sweet

Demi-Sec and Doux Champagne were once the standard. What they are, why they fell out of fashion, and where they still pair brilliantly.

Editorial brutalist diptych: a pale straw Fino under a white yeast veil on the left, a mahogany Oloroso with halftone texture and oxidation grids on the right
Styles & method LL-038

Biological vs oxidative aging in sherry

How biological aging sherry stays pale and saline, while oxidative aging produces mahogany walnut wines. Chemistry, chalk marks and the capataz.

Apothecary dropper releasing a drop above a bottle neck, sugar scale in geometric tiles, brutalist composition
Styles & method LL-039

Champagne dosage and the liqueur d'expédition

Dosage sets the taste of Champagne after disgorgement. What the liqueur d'expédition is, how much sugar sits where, and why modern houses go lower.

Four faded grape silhouettes in sepia behind a single dominant cluster, brutalist composition
Grapes LL-037

Arbane and the forgotten Champagne grapes

Four forgotten Champagne grapes together cover 0.3 percent of the area. What they do, where they survive, and why growers are replanting them.

Peasant hand reclaiming a Meunier cluster from torn dismissive blueprints, mill blade rotating into a wine glass, brutalist composition
Grapes LL-036

Pinot Meunier: from peasant grape to grower icon

Pinot Meunier was long the underrated third grape of Champagne. Today growers build mono-cuvées on it that have given the variety its due.

Dense black grape cluster anchored on a forested hillside with a blood-red core showing through a fractured stem, brutalist composition
Grapes LL-035

Pinot Noir in Champagne: power, flesh and structure

Pinot Noir is the largest grape variety in Champagne at 38 percent. On the Montagne and in the Aube it brings body, red fruit and great ageing capacity.

Editorial brutalist illustration of a white yeast layer on sherry inside an American oak butt, fragments and geometric shapes in burgundy and cream
Styles & method LL-034

Flor: the yeast that makes fino and manzanilla

Flor sherry yeast lives as a white veil on fino and manzanilla. How this biofilm works, why it dies above 17% ABV, and what it does to flavour.

Grape cluster fused with a slab of belemnite chalk, fossils visible inside, brutalist composition
Grapes LL-033

Chardonnay in Champagne: the white backbone

Chardonnay in Champagne is more than a blend partner. On chalk it brings chalky tension, length of finish and the base of every Blanc de Blancs.

Dark grape cluster releasing clear juice into a chalice, brutalist composition
Styles & method LL-029

Blanc de Noirs: white Champagne from black grapes

Blanc de Noirs is white Champagne made only from Pinot Noir and/or Meunier. How white comes from black grapes, and where the style is strongest.

Nine grape varieties of Champagne in brutalist illustration, cross-section of a bunch
Grapes LL-030

The nine grapes of Champagne (not three)

Champagne now allows nine grape varieties. Eight vinifera plus Voltis as an experimental hybrid. What they do, where they grow, and why it matters.

Wine restaurants in Amsterdam: table with wine and dishes
Hotspots LL-032

Wine Restaurants Amsterdam: Six Honest Picks

Guide to wine restaurants in Amsterdam: Italian, French, natural wine and bistronomy. Wine list focus, price range and atmosphere per address.

Editorial brutalist illustration of stacked sherry casks in a Jerez bodega with the solera on the floor and criaderas above
Styles & method LL-031

The Solera System: How Sherry Ages in Jerez

How the solera system in Jerez gives sherry its signature consistency, with criaderas, saca, rocío, the angels' share and VOS/VORS certification explained.

Diptych portrait of a classical maison monk and a contemporary vigneronne, brutalist collage
Styles & method LL-025

Champagne history: Dom Pérignon to the grower

How Champagne emerged, how the big houses shaped its image and how the grower movement has reopened the region since the 1980s. Four centuries on one page.

Map of Champagne with four subregions, chalk soils and vineyards, brutalist style
Regions LL-026

Champagne region and terroir: four subregions, one AOC

Montagne de Reims, Côte des Blancs, Vallée de la Marne and Côte des Bar. The four subregions of Champagne, their soils and what Grand Cru means.

Eight Champagne bottles in a row from Brut Nature to Rosé, editorial brutalist style
Styles & method LL-027

Champagne styles: from Brut Nature to Rosé

The eight Champagne styles explained: from Brut Nature to Demi-Sec, plus Blanc de Blancs, Blanc de Noirs, Rosé and Prestige Cuvée. What dosage means.

Cellar cross-section with bottles in pupitres, brutalist illustration
Styles & method LL-028

Méthode champenoise: step by step

How Champagne is made: from pressing and first fermentation through tirage, autolysis and remuage to dégorgement and dosage. Every step explained.

Editorial brutalist illustration of a Consejo Regulador seal: a fragmented triangle of chalk-white albariza stone, cut by a numbered back-label band, with silhouettes of solera barrels at the corners
Styles & method LL-020

The Consejo Regulador and sherry's DOP rules

What does the consejo regulador sherry actually do? Three DOPs, grapes, age categories and the 2022 reform explained.

Editorial brutalist illustration of three grape clusters above white albariza soil under the Andalusian sun
Grapes LL-022

Sherry grapes: Palomino, Pedro Ximénez and Moscatel

The three sherry grapes Palomino Fino, Pedro Ximénez and Moscatel, their role in Marco de Jerez and which style each one makes.

Brutalist illustration of the sherry triangle with white albariza chalk soil, three monolithic town silhouettes and Atlantic wind lines
Regions LL-021

The Sherry Triangle: Jerez, Sanlúcar, Albariza

The sherry triangle between Jerez, Sanlúcar and El Puerto. Marco de Jerez DOP, white albariza chalk and Atlantic winds, in one guide.

Brutalist editorial illustration of a sherry barrel cut through chalk-white albariza soil with flor yeast as a geometric layer on top
Styles & method LL-024

What is sherry: a wine, not a separate category

What is sherry? A white wine from Andalusia, made from Palomino, Pedro Ximénez or Moscatel. Not a separate category. Just wine.

Editorial brutalist illustration of a sherry bota with grape spirit pouring into a barrel, halftone patterns and oxidising gold
Basics LL-023

Why Is Sherry Fortified? History and Chemistry

Why is sherry fortified? Mitad y mitad, ABV targets per style, the British sea trade and the chemistry. Plus: is unfortified sherry still sherry?

Glass of cloudy pét-nat with rising bubbles, ancestral method, brutalist style
Basics LL-019

Pét-Nat: The Mother of All Sparkling Wine

The oldest sparkling wine method explained. What sets pét-nat apart from champagne and prosecco, how it's made, and why it's having a moment.

Glas troebele natuurwijn met handgeschreven etiket en wijngaard op de achtergrond
Basics LL-018

Natural Wine: No Rules, Real Trade-offs

No protected term, but a clear philosophy. What makes a wine natural, what are the trade-offs, and how do you taste the difference?

Diptych portrait of a wine journalist and podcast host, editorial brutalist style
Basics LL-016

About Jeroen Vonk

Jeroen Vonk is a wine journalist, educator and podcast host of Sparks by VinoVonk. His background, approach and mission.

Hazy pét-nat bottle with crown cap and hand-drawn label on wooden table
Styles & method LL-017

What Is Pét-Nat? Pétillant Naturel Explained

Pét-nat is sparkling wine's oldest method, and natural wine's favourite style. What pétillant naturel is, how it works, and why it's worth the hype.

Champagne glass with chalky soil and Côte des Blancs vineyards in the background
Regions LL-015

Champagne: Grapes, Region and Styles

Complete guide to Champagne wine: grapes, appellations, styles from blanc de blancs to rosé, grower champagne versus the grandes maisons, and what cuvées mean.

Crémant and Champagne compared: two vineyard slopes split by a scale motif, brutalist style
Regions LL-014

Crémant vs Champagne: What's the Difference?

Crémant vs champagne compared: production method, lees aging, grapes, and price. Find out which sparkling wine to choose and when.

Lean white Chablis wine in a glass with chalky Kimmeridgian soil in the background
Regions LL-013

Chablis: Grape, Region and Flavour Profile

Everything about Chablis wine: Chardonnay from northern Burgundy. Grand cru vs premier cru, how it compares to other Burgundies, and practical buying tips.

Sauvignon Blanc grapes on flint soil near Pouilly-sur-Loire with morning mist
Regions LL-012

Pouilly-Fumé: Sauvignon Blanc from the Loire

Everything about Pouilly-Fumé wine: Sauvignon Blanc from the Loire Valley. Flavour profile, Sancerre comparison, top producers and why it is not Burgundy.

The Loire river with vineyards and a château in the background
Regions LL-011

Loire Valley: Wines, Regions and Grape Varieties

Everything about the Loire Valley wine region: from Muscadet to Sancerre, Sauvignon Blanc to Cabernet Franc. A guide to the white, red and sparkling wines.

Saint-Véran wine, Chardonnay appellation in the Mâconnais
Regions LL-010

Saint-Véran: Appellation, Flavour and Buying Tips

Everything about Saint-Véran wine: Chardonnay appellation next to Pouilly-Fuissé. Flavour profile, best producers and why this wine deserves more attention.

Mâconnais wine region, Burgundy, Chardonnay and the appellations
Regions LL-009

Mâconnais: Region, Wines and Appellations

Everything about the Mâconnais wine region: Chardonnay appellations from Mâcon-Villages to Pouilly-Fuissé, key producers and what to buy.

Glass of white Bourgogne Blanc wine with a Burgundy vineyard landscape in the background
Regions LL-008

Bourgogne Blanc: What It Is and What to Buy

Everything about Bourgogne Blanc wine: Burgundy's generic white appellation explained. What the label tells you, which producers matter, and when to buy it.

Pouilly-Fuissé vineyards with the limestone rock of Solutré rising in the background
Grapes LL-007

Pouilly-Fuissé: Grape, Region and Flavour

Everything about the Pouilly-Fuissé grape: Chardonnay from the Mâconnais. Flavour profile, how it compares to other Burgundies, and buying tips.

Chardonnay grape, flavour profile, styles and wine regions
Grapes LL-006

Chardonnay: Everything About the Grape

The Chardonnay grape explained: flavour profile, styles from Chablis to the Mâconnais, and what oak and climate actually do to it. For wine lovers.

Les Riceys vineyards in southern Champagne
Regions LL-005

Les Riceys: Champagne's Best-Kept Secret

Les Riceys lies at the southern edge of Champagne, near Burgundy. This village legally produces three different AOC wines, including the rare Rosé des Riceys.

Glass of Pouilly-Fuissé with bottle on table
Styles & method LL-004

Pouilly-Fuissé Expert Guide: 14 Top Wines Tasted

Pouilly-Fuissé in depth: terroir, climats, winemaker styles, and tasting notes of 14 top bottles from southern Burgundy.

Pouilly-Fuissé vineyard with Chardonnay
Styles & method LL-003

Pouilly-Fuissé Guide: Mâconnais Chardonnay Explained

Pouilly-Fuissé in five minutes: grape, terroir, flavor profile, and how this White Burgundy compares to its neighbors. With affordable alternatives.

Spanish single-vineyard winery with old vines
Styles & method LL-002

Viñedo Singular: Spain's Single-Vineyard Category

Spain's Viñedo Singular classification for single-vineyard wines: requirements, top producers, and how it differs from DOCa Rioja.

Rioja vineyard with old vines
Regions LL-001

Rioja Wine: Tempranillo, Oak and DOCa Rules

Dive into the heart of Rioja, where centuries-old traditions meet modern winemaking. Everything you need to know about Spain's most iconic wines.